1. President Obama will
protect about 4.3 million unauthorized immigrants, including 4 million parents
of legal residents, from deportation via a new "deferred action"
program.
2.
The White House believes that nearly 5
million unauthorized immigrants will be protected in total, thanks to other
reforms.
1) Who will Obama's executive actions help?
There are two big buckets
of relief being granted here.
One is an expansion of a
program Obama's already put into place: the 2012 Deferred Action
for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA), which allows young
unauthorized migrants who've come here as children (and who meet a few other
requirements) to get temporary protection and work permits. 1.2
million immigrants are eligible for DACA already (although only about 600,000
have actually applied for and received protection).
The other is relief for
parents of legal residents of the United States.
There are other small
forms of relief that are helping some unauthorized immigrants — some of which
we'll get to later.
The White House says that in total, nearly
5 million unauthorized immigrants will be protected from deportation. The two
major deferred action programs cover about 4.3 million immigrants.
·
270,000 immigrants who will now be covered
under the DACA program
o Immigrants who are older
than 30 now, but still entered before they were 16, are now eligible for DACA.
o
Immigrants who entered after 2007, but
before 2010, are now eligible for DACA.
·
4 million parents of US citizens or green
card holders will be covered under a new program.
o Only parents who've been
in the country for at least five years (since January 1st, 2010) will qualify.
o
Parents will qualify even if their citizen
or green-card-holding children are over the age of 18.
The logic behind the new program: US
citizens are allowed to apply for their parents to get legal status, once
they've turned 21. But there are rules that make it extremely difficult to
get legal status in the US if you've ever been unauthorized — especially if
you're not willing to risk leaving the US in the hopes that you might get to
come back. And before they turn 21 (or get citizenship), there's nothing anyone
can do. So granting parents deferred action allows them to stay in the US until
their children can get them permanent legal status.
2) How will this program work?
In order for the program
to be effective when it officially launches (which is expected to be in spring
of 2015), people are going to have to apply. And that could be tricky. After
all, these are people who've been living in the shadows for years — and have
learned that any interaction with government officials could lead to their
deportation.
The good news is that the administration,
and community groups, have done something of a test run on the new program —
via the DACA program in 2012. The push to get unauthorized immigrants to apply
for DACA has created an existing
infrastructure that can now be built on for the new, expanded
relief programs. But in order to build on that, they're going to need more
money and more lawyers. And the government agency running the program, US
Citizenship and Immigration Services, doesn't have much money to spend on outreach.
3) Is the president granting immigrants legal status? Is
this a path to citizenship?
No. Only Congress can do
that.
Obama is promising
certain classes of immigrants that they won't be deported for a three-year span
of time. The program will also issue work permits that are valid for the same
amount of time. And in most states, deferred action is also enough to make
someone eligible for a driver's license. But as soon as the three years are up,
if an immigrant hasn't applied for renewal, he or she is vulnerable to
deportation again.
And that assumes that the administration —
or a different presidential administration — doesn't stop accepting
applications or renewals, killing the program slowly over three years — or
eliminating it immediately.
4) So a future president can just take away these
protections?
Yes. The president has a
lot of authority to decide who gets deported, but the next president has just
as much authority to make different decisions.
A Republican elected in
2016 could strip all the protections Obama has granted. President Ted Cruz (for
example) could even, if he wanted, use the information from deferred-action
applications to track down immigrants and deport them.
This creates something of a dilemma for the
administration. Politically, the Democratic Party has an incentive to highlight
how precarious this new program is — so that Latinos will
turn out in 2016. But for the program to be effective as policy,
the administration needs to play up its security — so that unauthorized
immigrants are willing to apply. That means that the same messengers are going
to be saying two different things to Latinos: that they should apply now
because the program is safe, but that it could be taken away at any time.
5) Why is the president doing this now?
The Obama administration
has been promising for years that it only deports "high-priority"
unauthorized immigrants — like convicted criminals — rather than immigrant
workers with US-born children. But those promises haven't always
been accurate — the 400,000 immigrants that were deported each
year of Obama's first term included around 80,000 parents of US citizen
children (again, each year). The DACA program has demonstrated that formalized
protections work much
better than vague promises.
President Obama used to argue
that he lacked legal authority to take any broad steps to change immigration
policy. But in March 2014 he started a review of deportation policy to see if
it could be made more humane. That review was stopped to give Republicans one last chance
to pass immigration reform in Congress; they didn't take it, and in June
President Obama restarted the
review — now promising it would cover executive action for all
aspects of the immigration system. The administration delayed announcing any
changes this fall, but promised that after the midterm elections they would
announce major executive actions.
And even though the Democrats got trounced
in the midterms, the administration kept that promise. You can look at this as
a way to keep Latino voters enthusiastic about the Democratic Party, since
they'd soured some on President Obama for setting
deportation records. Or you can look at it as the president
doing what he believes is right, to protect his legacy.
6) Is it legal for the president to just do this
without Congress?
When it comes to
immigration, the executive branch has a lot of authority to decide who to
deport and who not to deport. Even the conservative legal experts of the Federalist
Society agree that Obama has the authority to take actions of
this sort.
There's been some argument that tools like
deferred action are supposed to exist for very rare individual cases — not to
protect millions of unauthorized immigrants, like Obama did with the DACA
program and is doing again now. But it's difficult to argue that it was legal
to let 1.2 million immigrants apply for deferred action, but not legal to let
another 4 million do it.
7) Has a president ever done anything like this before?
Presidents have
frequently protected unauthorized immigrants from deportation in the past — but
never on this scale.
Deferred action has been
used a few times in the past — even before the Obama administration created
DACA — to protect small groups of people, like foreign students affected by
Hurricane Katrina.
The closest historical
parallel is probably a program called the Family Fairness program from 1990. George H. W. Bush used
executive authority to allow family members of immigrants who were getting
legalized through the Reagan amnesty to apply for protection from deportation,
covering about 1.4 million people — 40 percent of the unauthorized population
at the time. (Likewise, the president's new action covers about 40 percent of
the unauthorized population today.)
In both cases, executive action covers
people who are going to be eligible for legal status eventually, through their
relatives — but are currently at risk of being deported. For Bush, it was the
spouses and children of amnesty recipients who'd gotten legal status, but not
citizenship. For Obama, it's the parents of US citizens and legal permanent
residents.
8) What can Republicans do to stop Obama?
Republicans are united in
their displeasure at this development, and they have several options for
expressing it. One thing they acknowledge they can't do is "defund" executive
action. The US Citizenship and Immigration Services is funded by application
fees, not congressional appropriations. But Congress could pass a law
rescinding or narrowing presidential deferred action authority.
The Republican House
tried to do this earlier in 2014, for the DACA program, passing a bill that
would have prevented anyone new from signing up, and preventing current
beneficiaries from renewing. Democrats controlled the Senate, so it didn't come
to the floor there. Once Republicans take control of the Senate in the New
Year, they could pass a similar bill — but Obama would almost certainly veto
it.
Rather than a standalone
bill, Congress could attach riders killing Obama's immigration programs to the
annual appropriations bills. If Obama vetoed the bills (or if Senate Democrats
filibustered them) then we'll have another
government shutdown.
They can also try to sue to stop the new
program — maybe by adding it to their planned lawsuit against the administration over
Obamacare's employer mandate.
9) What are the other changes Obama is making to
immigration policy?
Reforming Secure
Communities:
The White House is making major changes to its signature immigration
enforcement program, called "Secure Communities." Secure Communities
sends the fingerprints of anyone booked into a local jail to immigration
officials; federal agents can then ask the local cops to hold the inmate, so
they can pick him up. Federal officials have come under serious fire for using Secure
Communities as a dragnet to deport plenty of unauthorized immigrants who aren't
serious criminals, and dozens of cities and states have said
that they're only going to honor federal requests to pick up an immigrant in
certain cases.
Now, the federal
government is following that lead: it's only going to ask state and local
officials to hand over an immigrant after she's been convicted of a serious
crime (or a third misdemeanor). And even then, instead of asking the state or
local jail to hold the immigrant after she would otherwise be released
(so ICE agents can pick her up), federal agents will just ask local law
enforcement to let them know when the immigrant's due to be released so they
can take custody at that point.
Reforming deportation
priorities: The
Obama administration's boasted for the last several years that most of the
people they're deporting are "priorities" for deportation. But those
priorities were attacked for being way too broad. Now, the
administration is overhauling its priorities. The new priorities target
immigrants who've been convicted of serious crimes, and people who entered the
US, or were ordered deported, in 2014.
Adhering to these new
priorities is going to depend on ICE field agents — who've been extremely resistant to any attempt to limit deportations.
But to impose some accountability, an agent's now going to have to prove to his
office's director that someone should be deported even though she's not a
priority.
Spouses of green-card
holders can now apply for legal status in the US: Currently, green-card
holders can apply for visas for their spouses, but if the spouse is already in
the US as an unauthorized immigrant, that gets extremely hard. A few years ago,
the Obama administration started letting spouses of US citizens stay in the US
while applying for a waiver that would let them get legal status — instead of
having to wait for months outside the country without knowing if they could return.
Now, that's being expanded to green-card holders as well. The White House
Council of Economic Advisors estimates this will create somewhere between
104,000 and 167,000 new work permits.
More work permits for
recent graduates: The administration is looking to expand a program that
lets foreign students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM)
fields work in the United States for up to 2 1/2 years or so
after they graduate.
The program's called
Optional Practical Training, and it currently allows students to work in the US
for a year after graduation — but if they're STEM professionals, they can apply
to stay for an additional 17 months.
The OPT program was
expanded in 2012, to cover more fields of study. It's estimated
that anywhere from 100,000 to 200,000 immigrants are currently in the US under
the OPT program. Senior administration officials are planning further revisions
to the system that should lead to 10,000-36,000 more OPT visas.
Making it easier for
foreign entrepreneurs to get visas. The administration is planning a more
expansive use of its parole authority to make it easier for foreign
entrepreneurs who invest in job-creating businesses to move to the United
States. CEA envisions 33,000-53,000 new migrants via this channel.
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